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什么是姑息手术!

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发表于 2007-4-8 01:16:36 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第九章</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></b><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">姑息手术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Carl L.Backer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Constantine Mavroudis</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">章节大纲</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><line id="_x0000_s1026" to="199.5pt,0" from="-5.25pt,0" style="Z-INDEX: 1; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></line><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">肺动脉环束术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">主-肺动脉分流术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其它姑息手术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">结论</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><line id="_x0000_s1027" to="199.5pt,7.8pt" from="-5.25pt,7.8pt" style="Z-INDEX: 2; LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"></line><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><br clear="all" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"/><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“姑息”一词来源于拉丁语,原指“掩饰”和“掩盖”之意。“姑息手术”是指减轻症状而未对主要病理生理纠正的手术,它常常是暂时减轻症状,而没有从解剖上纠正或根治。在先天性心脏病外科中,有两种经典的姑息手术即主-肺动脉分流术和肺动脉环束术。最初这两种手术曾是治疗许多先天性心脏病患儿唯一的手术方法,随着</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多年来心脏直视手术的发展,许多先天性心脏畸形已能在新生儿期得到纠治,这些姑息手术使用显著降低,尽管这样,仍有小部分选择性病例需要进行姑息手术。由于姑息手术的重要性没有足够重视,一些主-肺动脉分流术导致肺动脉受损,使患儿无法完成最终的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Fontan </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术。因此仍然需要重视这些姑息手术,保证患儿顺利完成纠治术。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">本章介绍的一些手术的确比较陈旧,有些确实不再应用,但是由于还有一些存活病人过去施行过这些手术,而且现在尚需要再手术治疗,因此外科医生必须理解这些手术过程和相关的并发症,这在为病人安排何时进行根治手术以及根治手术中成功拆除之都是非常必要的。通常姑息手术的目的是通过改变血流动力学生理,使心脏畸形更容易耐受,以改善患儿临床症状,有利于患儿继续生长直至完成根治手术。过去姑息手术针对几乎所有的患儿,待小儿更大一些时再进行根治手术。随着体外循环循环和微创外科技术的发展,患儿的大小已经不再是决定进行姑息或者根治手术的重要依据,而一些心血管生理,特别是新生儿高肺血管阻力常常是当今进行姑息手术的原因。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">两种主要姑息手术是主-肺动脉分流术(表</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)和肺动脉环束术。许多主-肺动脉分流术已经很少使用(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术)。主-肺动脉分流术可增加肺血流、用于紫绀型先心病肺血不足患儿。肺动脉环束术可限制肺血流、用于肺血增多先心病患儿。第三种姑息手术是房间隔切开术,用于大动脉错位或者单心室合并房室瓣狭窄患儿,以增加心房水平血液混合。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1950</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> Blalock-Hanlon</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首次报道房间隔切开术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[5]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,现在这种手术常常经心导管进行。还有一些其它复杂手术也是姑息手术如左心发育不良的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Norwood </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Glenn</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术,这些手术通常针对某些特定疾病,这将在在相应的疾病章节详细讨论。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">肺动脉环束术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1952</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Muller</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Dammann[3]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首次报道肺动脉环束术用于大的左向右分流和单心室合并肺血流增多患儿。许多年肺动脉环束术曾被认为是大的左向右分流合并肺血流增多患儿适宜的初期姑息手术,如室间隔缺损、房室通道和永存动脉干。然而随着新生儿心脏外科发展,肺动脉环束术只用于少数特殊病种,包括(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)“瑞士</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奶酪”样肌部室间隔缺损;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)多发性室间隔缺损合并主动脉缩窄;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)肺血流增多的单心室(如三尖瓣闭缩</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">Ⅱ</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">c</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型)准备最终行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Fontan</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)大动脉错位行大动脉转换术前左心室准备和再训:(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)年龄超过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">周就诊</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[11]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">b</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)先前进行过心房水平换位术者</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[12]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。而目前对这些有限的适应症还存在争议,一些外科医生建议新生儿完全修补主动脉缩窄和多发性室间隔缺损</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[13</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">14]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,其他人尚建议对肺血流增多的单心室,尤其存在潜在主动脉下梗阻者,施行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Damus-Stansel-Kaye</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术加主-肺动脉分流术来取代肺动脉环束术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[15]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对于正常大动脉关系的患儿,肺动脉环束术可以通过左侧胸切口或者正中胸骨切口进行。尽管左侧胸切口以往被认为是适宜途径,但是现在许多医生偏爱选择正中胸骨切口。左侧胸切口优点是防止前纵隔的再手术时的粘连,正中胸骨切口的优点是安全而且在复杂疾病(如内脏异位,心房反位)肺动脉位置变异很大时很容易找到肺动脉,而且当环束带收紧时,饱和度准确反映环束程度,不存在侧胸切口时对肺压缩的影响。肺动脉环束术可采用含特氟隆(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Teflon</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的涤纶(婴儿)或聚四氟乙烯(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)条(大儿童)。图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">显示通过正中胸骨切口进行肺动脉环束术的方法。如果采用左侧胸切口,在膈神经前缘打开心包,并用缝线悬吊心包,打开心包腔,左房耳通常位于靠近环束所在位置,必要时可用缝线牵开。直接环套扩张的壁薄的肺动脉可能造成意想不到的肺动脉损伤,因此需要特别小心。环套肺动脉的最安全方法是通过“减法技术”,如图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-1 A</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所示:</span><font face="Times New Roman">
9 @3 d5 s% L# R' ]& ^3 v2 }" T; g1 X2 O                </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">环束带放在主动脉和肺动脉近端周围,避免侧胸切口常发生的只环套左肺动脉的并发症,在主肺动脉之间进行锐性分离和电烫,直角钳绕过主动脉(而不是肺动脉),钳住环束带一端,并从主肺动脉之间拖出,并(通过减法技术)环绕肺动脉,环束带间断缝合数针收紧,如图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-1 B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所示:安置一导管在肺动脉远端,当收紧环束带时可监测肺动脉压力,与动脉(桡动脉)压作比较(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-1 C</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),一旦环束带收紧到预想程度,环束带间断缝合数针固定于近端肺动脉上以防止环束带移向远端而影响右肺动脉(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-1 C</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">环束后,主动脉压上升</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10-20mmHg</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。若患儿最终进行双心室修补远端肺总动脉压力应当降低到所测主动脉压力的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以下;对最终进行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Fontan</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术的病人,在可接受的氧饱和度水平内,应当尽可能地达到远端肺动脉压力最低。将行双心室修补者氧饱和度维持在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">90%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">左右,对进行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Fontan</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术的病人,氧饱和度最好降低到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80%-85%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。应当记住随着小儿生长,环束程度变得“更紧”,远端肺动脉压力(和氧饱和度)会进一步下降。环束带移位可导致右肺动脉弯折,使过多的血流进入左肺动脉,导致右肺动脉狭窄和左肺动脉高压。因此保证环束带能在原位不会移动,对心包腔反复用生理盐水冲洗,以减轻再次手术时粘连。若经左侧进胸,心包进行间断缝合,同时避免损伤膈神经。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">肺动脉环束的拆除通常在心内修补手术时通过正中胸骨切口进行。一般先进行心内手术,复温时进行肺动脉重建。整个环束带都需要去除,因为即使少部分涤纶残留在后壁也会引起远期肺动脉狭窄。然而,即使完全去除环束带常常也不能完全防止环束处残余肺动脉狭窄,因为肺动脉壁不容易回弹开放。如果环束带只放了数周时间,可完全去除,若超过数月,环束区要么前壁补片扩大,要么完全切除(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。环束带疤痕的切除见图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:环束区被切除,然后将剩余两端的肺动脉采用间断、可吸收单丝线吻合。左右肺动脉远端完全松解,动脉韧带结扎离断,以减轻吻合口张力。补片扩大技术见图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:心包或</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">补片扩大肺动脉前壁,并盖过后部疤痕区,使血流通畅地进入左右肺动脉。有时补片剪成“裤腿样”,伸入左右前乏氏窦。尽<personname wst="on" productid="管多数">管多数</personname>医师喜欢前壁补片,这常常导致轻微主肺动脉狭窄和残余杂音,但在多数横断环束区进行直接端端吻合的病例常没有压差和残余杂音。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">主-肺动脉分流术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span></b><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1944</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年由约翰霍普金大学医学中心</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Alfred Blalock</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">医师首次施行的体肺分流术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[2]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。经典的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术是将横断的锁骨下动脉和肺动脉进行端侧吻合。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Vanderbilt</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">大学成功建立左锁骨下动脉和肺动脉的吻合产生肺动脉高压,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Helen Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">建议他将这一手术用于肺血流不足的紫绀病人。第一次手术是在</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="28" month="12" year="1944"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1944</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个月的法洛四联症合并严重肺动脉狭窄的患儿进行手术。首次病例成功以后,数以百计的紫绀病人都涌向巴尔的摩进行手术。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术通过主动脉弓对侧的胸腔切口进行。当患儿为左位主动脉弓,则为右无名动脉,这一侧的锁骨下动脉连接肺动脉曲线较小,右位主动脉弓时,左无名动脉的左锁骨下动脉连接肺动脉曲线较小,相比较,若行右侧锁骨下动脉吻合时则成角</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">180</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">度。图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所示通过右侧胸腔右锁骨下动脉与肺动脉吻合解剖暴露情况。右锁骨下动脉分支沿着锁骨下动脉远端结扎、离断;锁骨下动脉通过右喉返神经形成的襻中拖出;充分游离颈动脉;结扎、离断奇静脉。静脉注射肝素(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1mg/kg</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),后钳夹分支主干,避免吻合口建在右上叶分支上,锁骨下动脉下翻的吻合口应当位于上腔静脉和膈神经后方的间隙。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术不需要人工材料,锁骨下动脉口的大小准确限制肺血流量,而且分流随着患儿生长而增加。但是经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术牺牲了锁骨下动脉,在少部分病人中出现手或臂的缺血</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[16]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,手臂较对侧稍短、常冰凉而且无脉搏。另外,尽管充分游离颈动脉和离断下肺韧带,锁骨下动脉还是太短以致于导致肺动脉被向上牵拉和扭曲。在通过正中切口拆除经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术时,需要在上腔静脉后方予解剖,暴露后锁骨下动脉才能被圈套并作双重结扎。由于经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术存在许多不利因素,目前我们推荐应用改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span></b><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1976</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Gazzaniga</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首次报道使用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道建立体肺分流</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[17]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例肺动脉闭锁的婴儿使用</span><font face="Times New Roman"><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US">4mm</span></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"> PTFE</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道建立主-肺动脉分流术。不久</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Deleval</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">报道了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1975</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">-1979</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年期间</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">99</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例采用涤纶(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)或</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE(86)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道连接锁骨下动脉和肺动脉,其分流失败率为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,死亡率为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,他率先提出“改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术”一词</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[18]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,。改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术现在之所以成为多数先天性心脏病中心体肺分流术的选择,其优点有:(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)保存手的循环;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)通过体动脉(锁骨下动脉或无名动脉)调节分流量;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)膨体化</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">通畅率高;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)保证足够分流长度;(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)易拆除。缺点是血清从管道缝隙中渗出,胸引多,引流时间长</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[19]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,发生率为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10-15%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术可以通过右或左胸切口或者正中胸骨切口进行。途径选择根据锁骨下动脉和肺动脉解剖、动脉导管是否存在、大血管关系<personname wst="on" productid="和外科">和外科</personname>医师的喜好。近年来,趋向于正中胸骨切口手术,因为正中胸骨切口手术难度小,分流失败率比经典侧胸切口途径的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术低,一旦术中患儿氧饱和度明显降低,可安全地体外循环下进行分流手术。正中胸骨切口可不考虑主动脉弓的位置,必要时分流可以放在主肺动脉上,将动脉导管结扎,消除竞争性血流。理论上存在再次进胸手术粘连增加的缺点,在实际上并没有成为问题。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">侧胸切口途径,背阔肌需离断、前锯肌游离并保留。第四肋间进胸。肺组织向前下牵开,在上腔静脉和膈神经后方打开纵隔胸膜,奇静脉结扎离断。锁骨下动脉圈套,注意避开右喉返神经,它在锁骨下动脉和颈动脉起始处的无名动脉远端绕过。右肺动脉充分游离,暴露右上分支、右肺动脉直接延续的右下和右中分支,并予分别圈套。吻合前静脉内注射肝素(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1mg/kg</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道大小选择基于患者大小。早期常采用</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="5" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5mm</font></span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道。如果分流起源锁骨下动脉,那么它会调节血流,若起源于无名动脉(正中胸骨切口常是这种情况),应考虑采用更小些管道,用管道大小来调节分流。通常我们在足月儿(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="True" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="kg">-4kg</chmetcnv></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)婴儿选</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4mm</font></span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,未成熟儿(小于</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3" unitname="kg"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3kg</font></span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)选</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3.5" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.5mm</font></span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,由于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6-12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个月后这些患儿需进行完全的手术,因此都降低分流尺寸,分流量足够但不过多(即使分流起源于无名动脉)。在上阻断钳前考虑好管道尺寸和长度,因为阻断后影响锁骨下动脉和肺动脉真正的距离估计。管道通常剪成一定的曲线,以利患儿生长;如果长度不准确很容易造成肺动脉折叠或扭曲,应当注意避免。我们喜欢可伸展的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,允许一定长度估计不足。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道剪成斜面,锁骨下动脉阻断后,切口做在其下方如图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。采用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7-0polypropylene</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">线吻合</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道和锁骨下动脉切口(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。锁骨下动脉阻断钳一直要到肺动脉吻合口完成后再开放。若将阻断钳夹到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道上容易导致血液淤滞和血栓形成。肺动脉上用另一血管钳控制,收紧右上、下远端肺动脉的控制带,纵行切开右肺动脉上缘,用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7-0polypropylene</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">线吻合</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道和肺动脉切口(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当阻断钳开放,患者氧饱和度即刻即可上升</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10%-15%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,并可在分流管道和肺动脉远端可触及震颤。在术前、术中和术后必须保持充分的灌注压防止早期分流管道栓塞。可使用正性药物如多巴胺、多巴酚丁胺支持。可采用浸过凝血酶的明胶海绵止血。不作常规使用鱼精蛋白中和肝素,除非缝线出血很多。管道放在上腔静脉后方的凹槽内,便于拆除。术后</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">24</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">小时镇静、呼吸机支持。当分流术完成,手术室即常规给予阿司匹林(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10mg/kg</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),以后每天口服直至拆除</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[21]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。波斯顿儿童医院报道</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[20]104</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例侧胸切口,其中</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例分流失败,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例死亡;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">52</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例正中胸骨切口,其中</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例分流失败,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例死亡,因此他们认为正中胸骨切口更适宜。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Alkhulaifi</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[22]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">报道</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">75</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例新生儿进行改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术,经右胸</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">36</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例,左胸</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例,正中切口</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">33</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例。病种包括室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁、肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损、严重法洛四联症、右室双出口合并肺动脉狭窄、大动脉错位合并肺动脉狭窄以及单心室,住院死亡率</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例存在与分流相关的并发症。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Jahangiri</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等报道</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[23]140</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例法洛四联症进行改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术,全部经侧胸切口,无住院死亡,不管分流位置,左右肺动脉均同样发育。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">通过正中胸骨切口进行心内手术时,拆除改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流非常方便,特别是分流位于右侧(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">-4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">D</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。通过游离上腔静脉后壁找到分流管道,而左侧定位更困难,但也可以沿着左肺动脉和主动脉找到,或者进入胸腔,接近分流侧边。注意左侧改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流常常非常接近左膈神经。游离时首先碰到一层很厚纤维层包绕分流</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道,一旦进入纤维层与管道之间,分离就会很快,整个管道长度也可暴露,在近端用两个金属夹,远端用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个金属夹。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管道应在在金属夹之间离断,以避免随着患者生长锁骨下动脉和肺动脉二者距离自然增加而造成两动脉的扭曲。近端管道不必去除,有些病人为了有利于腔肺血管吻合术,远端管道需要切除,但是如果手术涉及到修补主肺动脉位置,远端管道可以保留,这不会引起外周肺动脉狭窄。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley </font></span></b><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1962</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">David Waterston</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">报道,经右胸切口在上腔静脉后方,建立降主动脉后壁和右肺动脉前壁的主-肺动脉分流吻合。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> Denton Cooley[25]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">报道经心包腔在上腔静脉前方,建立同样的吻合。由于手术简单、保留锁骨下动脉和无需人工材料,最初被广泛应用。但是由于它可能造成严重肺动脉扭曲,会造成肺血流过多或不足,以及随着改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术的成功,该手术现在很少使用。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经右胸切口建立</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流方法见图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。在游离和松解右肺动脉后,远端肺动脉分支用小的圈套器阻断。近端采用一把</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Castaneda</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">钳同时阻断升主动脉一部分和整个右肺动脉。用镊子将主动脉轻微向前旋转使其后壁而不是侧壁部分用于吻合。如图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,相对应的吻合口是主动脉后壁和肺动脉前壁。依据患儿大小,切口为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3mm</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4mm</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">长。吻合口采用连续</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">polyprolene</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">线连续缝合,松开圈套器,氧饱和度上升。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流的一个重要问题是不如经典或改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术的分流量好控制。如果主动脉和肺动脉切口太长,吻合口太大,肺血流过多,存在肺血管病变的危险;若切口太短,吻合口太小,肺血流不足,患儿依然存在紫绀。另一个问题是随着患儿生长,主动脉旋转,吻合口牵引右肺动脉,导致折叠或扭曲,右肺动脉狭窄和血流优先流向对侧肺</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[26]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。由于这个原因,在拆除</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流时,都需要重建右肺动脉。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">经正中胸骨切口做心内修补时,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流需拆除(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。在体外循环前游离肺动脉非常重要,以便在体外循环开始时阻断肺动脉,避免血液经肺动脉流走,导致体循环灌注不足。主动脉阻断在分流远端,停搏液灌注后(阻断肺动脉防止停搏液流走),沿着吻合口做一切口,将主动脉从右肺动脉分离开来。通常主动脉较大,连续缝合关闭主动脉切口。采用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或心包片缝合右肺动脉缺口。另外一种拆除</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流的方法是在主动脉阻断后,打开主动脉前壁,从主动脉内关闭开口。主动脉也可以完全横断,充分暴露右肺动脉</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[27]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。由于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流存在一些缺陷以及在多数中心被改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术取代,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术越来越少做。但是仍有许多病人做过该手术,将来最终需要拆除。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span></b><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)是通过左侧胸廓切口进行降主动脉和左肺动脉吻合。它由芝加哥纪念医院</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首次报道</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[28]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="13" month="9" year="1946"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1946</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首次对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">21</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个月</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="8.3" unitname="kg"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8.3kg</font></span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">紫绀患儿进行该手术。该患儿生后</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个月出现紫绀,多次缺氧发作并存在骨营养不良。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流手术需使用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">发明的血管钳部分钳夹降主动脉避免截瘫。左肺动脉近、远端阻断,在降主动脉和左肺动脉后壁做平行的</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4mm</font></span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">切口,进行吻合,完成图见</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1946</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年至</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1967</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年之间,纪念医院做了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">659</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">例</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术技术上比经典</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术更容易,而且保存锁骨下动脉。但是由于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术集中了一侧存在严重的并发症,人们放弃这一手术。许多患者出现左肺动脉瘤,而且难以处理,另一问题是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流太小,患者仍有紫绀,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术太大,患者发生充血性心衰。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术不能用在右位主动脉弓患者(即使经右胸切口),因为右支气管位于肺动脉和主动脉之间。此术最严重的问题是在心内修补时</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流的拆除很困难。最初使用单纯结扎,但是术中或术后会出现难以控制的出血。体外循环和停循环下拆除,如果不控制头臂动脉会因为气栓产生卒中危险。目前首选的方法是采用深低温停循环,而且要特别小心气栓通过开放的降主动脉进入脑循环。经正中胸骨切口体外循环开始,用手指在肺动脉外部限制左向右分流,提高降温效率。头臂动脉圈套,主动脉阻断,心肌保护液诱导心脏停跳。当温度达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">℃</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,收紧头臂血管、停循环。这时肺动脉才能安全打开,在停循环下,可看见肺动脉和主动脉之间的交通,用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PTFE</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">补片关闭(图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9-7</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。在开放头臂动脉前,从升主动脉排除所有气体,防止脑气栓。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术会产生左肺动脉瘤、肺血流过多产生肺高压以及拆除困难等原因,该手术在先心病中已不再使用已有多年,但仍有极少</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术存活病人。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其它姑息手术</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">对大动脉错位、单心室合并房室瓣狭窄</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">闭锁的患儿为增加心房水平血流混合的姑息手术为房隔切开术。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1950</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年经右胸廓切口首次施行了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Hanlon</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">房隔切开术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[4]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。用一血管钳同时夹住左房和右房一部分,以及右肺静脉。在血管钳限制的范围内打开右房,一部分房隔组织可以被夹住、牵拉并切除,然后调整血管钳位置使房隔退回到房内,血管钳只夹住心房边缘,然后缝线关闭。该手术一般不再施行。现在需要进行房间隔缺损扩大的病人都进行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Rashkind</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">球囊房隔切开术</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[5]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Rashkind</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">球囊房隔切开术典型的用在室隔完整型大动脉错位病人。球囊导管通过股静脉经卵圆孔进入左房,球囊在左房内充盈,然后快速拉过房隔至右房,撕裂房隔。对房隔较厚的病人,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Rashkind</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">球囊房隔切开术不适用,体外循环下房隔切开是最安全的,房隔切开可以通过短暂主动脉阻断或者纤颤下进行。卵圆窝处的整个房隔全部切除,外科医师注意避免损伤房室结和切到心脏外面。现在对多数病例而言,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Rashkind</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">球囊房隔切开术是首选方法。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一些复杂紫绀型先心病解剖上不能根治可进行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Glenn</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术(第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">章讨论)或</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Mustard</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术(第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">章讨论)姑息手术,手术病人氧饱和度上升,但没有完全根治。其它手术如肺动脉瓣切开术、主动脉瓣切开术,改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Norwood</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术、双向</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Glenn</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术可被认为是姑息手术,在其它章节述及。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">结论</span><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">先心病患儿基本的姑息手术有主-肺动脉分流术和肺动脉环束术。目前主-肺动脉分流术我们选择改良</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Blalock-Taussig</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术,其肺血流来源可控制、不影响锁骨下动脉、在心内修补术时易拆除。肺动脉环束术现在仅限于非常少的病人,但仍是“瑞士</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奶酪”样肌部室间隔缺损、单心室合并肺血流增多预备进行</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Fontan</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">手术病人的指征。外科医师需要认识</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Waterston/Cooley</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Potts</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分流术、相关并发症以及安全拆除的技术。</span></p>
贝贝 该用户已被删除
发表于 2008-4-18 21:03:53 | 显示全部楼层
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发表于 2008-7-3 01:00:39 | 显示全部楼层
陆医生辛苦了,我明白了。
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发表于 2008-11-9 12:12:28 | 显示全部楼层

请您救救我的孩子

我的儿子8个月大了,刚去四川妇儿医院打彩超如下:
# Q2 A4 T6 z3 [, A; N超声所见:, W* D) F7 [+ f; `
   双室长大,房间隔缺如形成单心房。右室流出道增宽。主动脉内径正常;肺动脉主干内径增宽。室间隔上份共同中断约19mm,,心内十字交叉结构消失。室壁未见明显增厚,博幅未见异常。二尖瓣前叶与三尖瓣隔叶形成宫体房室瓣,开放可,关闭差,瓣膜附着于室间隔脊上,余瓣形态、结构及开闭活动未见异常。主动脉弓降部发育正常。未见心包积液声像。
. e% ^! v% }+ n& p4 O3 V/ i$ O , N) L+ X2 I  O( X1 b
多普勒检测:心内血流絮乱。二尖瓣上探及大量返流,Vman=4.0m/s;余瓣口两侧未见异常血流。
  f9 M2 B0 D0 [
: ~! a# e6 c& m检查结论:
9 A2 ]8 x- _2 p先天性心脏病
, E' r' {3 C) E, z; Q9 i0 u 单心房合并完全性心内膜垫缺损   房、室水平左向右分流0 Q7 D' F6 v  v. t
共同房室瓣关闭不全(重度)
5 @  M% r$ S; O医生说要马上动手术,请问还有没有其他方法?要进行几次手术?费用要多少?
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发表于 2008-11-14 15:24:35 | 显示全部楼层
好强的医生啊
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ldomin 该用户已被删除
发表于 2009-2-6 13:18:37 | 显示全部楼层
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发表于 2011-7-12 10:16:47 | 显示全部楼层
我要学习
  s6 c1 ]6 Q3 E  W* E+ F8 w$ u谢谢陆医生
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